Princípios Pedagógicos dos Teaching Games for Understanding e da Pedagogia Não-Linear no Ensino da Educação Física

The ecological teaching models of Physical Education distinguished by their student-centered teaching. Specifically, the Teaching Games for Understanding and the Nonlinear Pedagogy are models that allow a learning process based on the intrinsic dynamics of sports games, distinguished for their relevance to the development of students' declarative and procedural tactical knowledge. However, as recent models, need to be properly understood and geared towards to the efficient didactic intervention. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to develop the pedagogical principles that underlie the models: i) sampling; ii) representation; iii) exaggeration; and iv) tactical complexity. In summary, will described the essential pedagogical principles that should underpin the teaching intervention of physical education teacher at the time of applied the teaching ecological models.Los modelos ecológicos de la enseñanza en educación física se distinguen por su relevancia para la enseñanza centrada en el estudiante. En concreto, la Enseñanza de Juegos para la Comprensión y la pedagogía no lineal, son modelos que permiten un proceso de aprendizaje basado en la dinámica intrínseca de los juegos deportivos, especialmente por su relevancia para el desarrollo de conocimientos tácticos declarativo y procedimental de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, los modelos más recientes deben ser bien entendidos y dirigidos para dar lugar a efectos beneficiosos sobre el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. En consecuencia, este artículo tiene por objeto desarrollar los principios pedagógicos que subyacen en los modelos: i) seleccionar el tipo de juego; ii) la modificación del juego por representación; iii) la modificación por exageración; y iv) el ajuste de la complejidad táctica. En definitiva, se trata de definir los principios básicos que deben sustentar la intervención de la enseñanza de profesor de educación física en el momento de desarrollo de los modelos ecológicos de enseñanza.  Os modelos de ensino ecológicos na Educação Física distingue-se pela sua pertinência no sentido de centrar o ensino no aluno. Especificamente, os Teaching Games for Understanding e a Pedagogia Não-Linear são modelos que possibilitam um processo pedagógico baseado na dinâmica intrínseca dos jogos desportivos, destacando-se pela sua pertinência para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento tático declarativo e processual dos alunos. No entanto, como modelos recentes necessitam de ser devidamente compreendidos e orientados no sentido de resultaram proficuamente na intervenção didática. Nesse sentido o presente artigo procura desenvolver os princípios pedagógicos que baseiam os modelos: i) a seleção do tipo de jogo; ii) a modificação do jogo por representação; iii) a modificação por exagero; e iv) o ajustamento da complexidade tática. Em suma, procurar-se-á definir os princípios basilares que deverão sustentar a intervenção didática do professor de Educação Física, aquando dos modelos ecológicos de ensino

Who are the prominent players in the UEFA champions league? : an approach based on network analysis

This study aimed to analyze the centrality levels of elite football players. Tactical positions and tactical line-ups were considered factors to be used in analyzing the variance in the prominence of players, measured by social network measures. The best 16 teams from the UEFA Champions league were analyzed during the entire competition. A total of 109 matches were analyzed for this study. Significant statistical differences between positions were found in % indegree (p = 0.001; ES = 0.268, moderate effect), % outdegree (p = 0.001; ES = 0.301, moderate effect) and % betweenness (p = 0.001; ES = 0.114, minimum effect). No statistical differences between tactical line-ups in % outdegree (p = 1.000; ES = 0.001, no effect) or % indegree (p = 1.000; ES = 0.001, no effect) were found. Central midfielders had the greatest values of centrality, thus confirming their importance in the linkage process of the team. Position had great influence on the centrality levels of players.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Leg dominance and performance in change of directions tests in young soccer players

The present study aimed to examine the influence of leg dominance on the change of direction (COD) performance. In this study participated 94 healthy young highly trained male soccer players belonging from two categories (n = 27 vs. n = 67; 14.81 ± 0.40 vs. 16.64 ± 1.25 years of age; 170.61 ± 5.61 vs. 173.73 ± 7.19 cm of height; 64.74 ± 8.44 vs. 66.70 ± 7.95 kg of weight, for U16 and U18, respectively). Fitness assessments were performed two times in a period of three months, and included: (1) anthropometry measures, (2) 30–15 IFT, (3) 10-m sprint test, (4) 505-COD test, 90° COD test and cross-over hop test. A paired sample t-test was performed to evaluate the asymmetries at the intragroup level in each of the COD’s tests. A symmetry index was used to analyse the asymmetries between categories, and an independent sample t-test was used to compare the variability between the two categories in each of the three tests performed. The effect size was also evaluated. Analysis demonstrated that evidence a trend for a better performance with the preferred leg in the cross-over hop and 505-COD tests, and with the non-dominant leg in the 90° COD. However, in the intragroup analysis, only the 505-COD test registered differences, and no differences were notice din the intergroup comparison. Only in the 505-COD test the percentage of variability (CV) was statistically significant (7.03 ± 4.18% vs. 4.03 ± 2.02% from U16 and U18, respectively). In sum, bilateral differences were noticed in the intragroup comparison, although only in 505-COD test the leg dominance showed to influence performance. In the intergroup analysis any difference was noticed between age categories

Utilização dos jogos reduzidos no ensino do handebol: a influência das ações táticas

O presente estudo objetivou analisar a influência de dois espaços diferenciados de prática na consecução de ações táticas de alunos durante a exercitação de formas de jogo reduzidas de handebol. Participaram no estudo oito alunos do género masculino (18,25 ± 1,04 anos de idade). Os resultados evidenciam diferenças estatisticamente significativas no que se refere aos indicadores de número de ataques (t(4) = 4,811; p-value = 0,009) e número de ataques organizados (t(4) = 6,364; p-value = 0,003). Através do presente estudo foi possível comprovar a pertinência da manipulação de constrangimentos da tarefa relacionados com o espaço, influenciando a concretização de ações táticas desempenhadas pelos alunos

Network analysis of Portuguese Team on Fifa World Cup 2014

El análisis de partidos ha sido usado en el caso del fútbol para identificar propiedades y patrones en los equipos (Sarmento et al., 2014). Desde el análisis de notación regular hasta las métricas tácticas computacionales más recientes, es posible extraer muchos resultados diferentes de un solo partido (Clemente, Couceiro, Martins y Mendes, 2015). En el caso específico del fútbol, la cooperación entre los miembros del equipo es uno de los principales factores que contribuyen a un mejor rendimiento (Grund, 2012). Por lo tanto, para analizar dicha cooperación, el análisis de redes sociales se ha utilizado para identificar cómo están conectados los miembros del equipo y si hay tendencias de cooperación dentro del equipo (Clemente et al., 2015). Los jugadores destacados también han sido analizados para identificar a los jugadores centrales en el equipo (Clemente, Couceiro, Martins y Mendes, 2014). Objetivos: Por lo tanto, utilizando el enfoque de análisis de redes sociales, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los niveles de centralidad de los roles posicionales portugueses durante el Mundial de la FIFA 2014 e identificar las posiciones tácticas prominentes que determinaron los momentos de posesión de la pelota.Match analysis has been using in football case to identify properties and patterns of teams (Sarmento et al., 2014). From the regular notational analysis until the most recent computational tactical metrics, a lot of different outcomes can be possible to extract from a single match (Clemente, Couceiro, Martins & Mendes, 2015). In the specific case of football, the cooperation among team-members is one of the main factors that contribute for a better performance (Grund, 2012). Thus, to analyse such cooperation the Social Network Analysis have been used to identify how team-members are connected and if there are cooperation tendencies inside the team (Clemente et al., 2015). The prominent players have been also analysed in order to identify the central players in the team (Clemente, Couceiro, Martins & Mendes, 2014). Objectives: Therefore, using the social network analysis approach the aim of this study was to analyse the centrality levels of Portuguese positional roles during the FIFA World Cup 2014 and to identify the prominent tactical positions that determined the moments with ball.peerReviewe

Match Fatigue Time-Course Assessment Over Four Days: Usefulness of the Hooper Index and Heart Rate Variability in Professional Soccer Players

The aims of the present study were to (a) examine recovery time-course and (b) analyze the usefulness of the Hooper-Index (wellness index) and resting heart rate variability (HRV) in professional soccer players during an in-season phase. The Hooper-Index and resting HRV were collected on matchday and on the four following days in three consecutive in-season weeks in nine players (25.2 ± 4.3-years). The usefulness of monitoring variables was assessed by (a) comparing noise (typical error, TE) to the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) (TE/SWC) and (b) comparing match-related changes (i.e., signal) to TE (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio). Between-days standardized differences in the changes of Hooper-Index and HRV were compared to the SWC using magnitude-based inferences. The magnitudes of TE were small and moderate for the Hooper-Index and HRV, respectively. The Hooper-Index showed to be more useful than HRV for monitoring match-induced fatigue as having a lower TE/SWC (3.1 versus 4.4) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (5.5 versus 1.5). Small-to-very large [range of effect sizes, 0.48; 2.43, confidence limits (0.22; 2.91)] and moderate-to-large [-1.71; -0.61 (-2.44; -0.03)] detrimental changes in Hooper-Index and HRV, respectively, were observed on the days following matchday. While group analyses showed a similar pattern for recovery time-course, more individual players responded, similarly when tracked using the Hooper -Index compared to when they were tracked using HRV. An inverse moderate within-individual relationship was observed between changes in the Hooper index and HRV [r = -0.41, (-0.60, 0.18)]. The Hooper index is an easy-to-use, no-cost, and non-invasive monitoring tool and seems promising for tracking match-induced fatigue during in the season in professional soccer

Identifying the centrality levels of futsal players : a network approach

The aim of this study it was verify the differences of prominence levels between tactical positions in futsal (indoor football). For that reason, it was performed an analysis of variance between competitive levels and tactical positions for the centrality metrics computed by using network analysis. Forty-six futsal players from different competitive levels (U12, U14, U16 and Amateurs) it were analysed during three official futsal matches. Results revealed no differences in centrality metrics between competitive levels (p = 1.00; = 0.001; very small effect size) had no significant statistical differences in the centrality metrics. Nevertheless, tactical position (p = 0.001; = 0.593; moderate effect size) had significant main effects on the centrality metrics. Centrality metrics revealed that defenders are the most prominent players in to receive the ball. By the other hand, defenders and wings are the positions with greater centralities in to pass the ball for the teammates.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Study of the heart rate and accuracy performance of archers

On archery performance, heart rate variability is associated to higher parasympathetic activity and a better balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic are beneficial to performance within the sport (Lo, Huang & Hung, 2008). The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate and archery accuracy in experienced and inexperienced archers as to determine if experience contributes to increased accuracy and decreased heart rate. Eighteen male individuals (23.2 ± 5.3 years) participated. The task consisted in the realization of archery, aiming to achieve higher scores corresponding to greater accuracy in target. Twelve trials were performed at two blocks (i.e., total of twenty-four trials) by each participant. At each archery attempt, we collected the heart rate immediately before the trial and the respectively accuracy of archery performance. The t-independent test showed significant statistical differences on heart rate (t(430) = - 4.135, p-value = 0.001) and score of archery performance (t(430) = 2.745, p-value = 0.006), between experienced and inexperienced archers. Experienced archers exhibit a better accuracy and at same time a less heart rate comparing to inexperienced archers. It is possible that the experience of the archers help to improve the arousal control and, consequently, balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Development of sports network analysis : methodological considerations

The understanding of dynamic and complex systems requires a multi-directional approach toward the whole system. New mathematical approaches have been proposing new tools and techniques to understand the collective dynamics in team sports. Nevertheless, to ensure the quality of the techniques it should be considered the data collecting procedures. For that reason, the aim of this article is to suggest a set of methodological considerations to optimize the match analysis based on network.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Towards a new method to analyze the soccer teams tactical behaviour : measuring the effective area of play

Recently, new tactical metrics have been developed to increase the match analysis’ potential. Naturally, innovate metrics need some updates in order to improve the utility to the soccer coaches. Thus, this paper aims to update the surface area metric, proposing the effective area of play given some efficacy information’s about team players’ positioning. Furthermore, aim analyzes the effective area of play of each team depending on the state of ball possession and a full match of 7-a-side soccer game in the district final was also analysed. Results showed an inverse correlation between teams’ opposite effective areas of play(rp = -0.681), suggesting the expansion-contraction relationship. Furthermore, was analyzed statistical differences with large effect between the moments with and without ball possession for the team A (F(1; 1506) = 1343.893; p-value ≤ 0.001; η2 = 0.472; Power = 1.000) and B (F(1; 1506) = 968.500; p-value ≤ 0.001; η2 = 0.391; Power = 1.000).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio